Squirrel – نولی یا ډانګلکی
نولیان د سکیوریډای کورنۍ (family Sciuridae) غړي دي. د نولي په کورنۍ کې د ونې نولیان ، ځمکني نولیان، برګ یا کوچني ځمکني نولیان، غټ ځمکني نولیان، الوت کوونکي نولیان او دښتي سپیان شامل دي. د نولي اصلي ځای امریکا، اوراسیا او افریقا ده خو انسانانو یې نسل استرالیا ته هم انتقال کړی. تر ټولو پخوانی پېژندل شوی نولی د ایوسین دورې ده کوم چې په ژمي کې د خوب کوونکو مږو او غرني د اوبو کوچنډي سره نږدې تړاو لري.
د انګرېزۍ ژبې (Squirrel) نوم کارونه په ۱۳۲۷ کې تصدیق شوې او د نورمان انګلو ژبې له (esquirel) کلیمې اخیستل شوی نوم ده. د نورمان انګلو کلیمه د پخوانۍ فرانسوۍ له (escurel) کلیمې اخیستل شوې او د فرانسوۍ ژبې یاده کلیمه د لاتینۍ ژبې له (sciurus) کلیمې اخیستل شوې کوم چې د نولي ببرې لکۍ ته رجوع کوي. نولي ته پخوانیو انګرېزانو خپل ځایي نوم (aquerne) لره خو په ۱۳۲۷ کې یې دا نوم (Squirrel) ته بدل کړ. د (aquerne) ریښه جرمنۍ ده چې تر اوسه په ځینو جرمني ژبو کې لکه الماني، سوېډني، دنمارکي او ناروېجي کې کاریږي.
د نولي تر ټولو کوچنی ډول د افریقا لنډی نولی (African pygmy squirrel) ده کوم چې تر ۱۰ سانتي متره پورې اوږدوالی لري او تر ۱۰ ګرامه پورې وزن کوي. تر ټولو غټ ډول یې د لاووس غټ الوت کوونکی نولی (Laotian giant flying squirrel) ده. تر ټولو زیات وزن لرونکی د الپین غرنی نولی ده کوم چې تر ۸ کیلو ګرامه پورې وزن کوي.
نولی غټې سترګې، ببرې لکۍ لري، د بدن وېښته یې نرم وي خو په ځینو ډولونو کې یې وېښته ډبل وي. د بدن رنګ یې د یوه ډول په غړو کې او د یوه ډول له بل ډول سره توپیر لري. په ډېر ډولونو کې یې وروستۍ پښې تر مخکینیو اوږدې وي. هره پنجه یې څلور یا پنځه ګوتې لري. د منګولو جوړښت یې ختلو او نیولو لپاره مناسب وي.
تقریبا په هر ډول طبیعي چاپېریال کې ژوند کوي له معتدلو باراني ځنګلونو نیولې تر نیمه وچو ساراګانو پورې پیدا کیږي. یوازې په لوړو قطبي سیمو او وچو ساراګانو کې نشته دي. خواړه یې تخمونه او مغزي دي خو ډېر ډولونه یې په حشرو او وړو شمزي لرونکو باندې هم ځان تغذیه کوي. کوم چې په ونو کې ژوند کوي ځواکمن لید لري او ډېر ډولونه یې په پښو او سر کې د لمس د حس لپاره (vibrissae) لري. غاښونه یې لکه د نورو شخوند وهونکو په څېر دي. د غاښ لګولو لپاره غټ د ثنایا غاښونه لري. د ثنایا غاښونه یې د ژوند تر پایه دوامداره وده کوي. له ۵ تر ۱۰ کالو پورې عمر کوي خو ډېر یې په یو کلنۍ کې مړه کیږي. په بند ساتل شوي ځای کې تر ۲۰ کالو پورې هم ژوندي پاتې شوي. واړه بچیان یې ډېر وخت په ونو کې له ځالو راغورزیږي خو مور یې تر هغې ورسره پاتې کیږي تر څو یې د راغورزېدلي بچي د بدن تودوخه کمه شي. ډېر واړه راغورزېدلي بچیان په ځنګل کې د کار کوونکو لخوا ژغورل شوي.
نولیان په کال کې یو ځل او یا دوه ځلې جنسي نزدیکت کوي. د بلاربښت موده یې له درې تر شپږ اوونیو پورې وي. تازه پیدا شوي بچیان یې بې غاښو بې وېښتو او پټې سترګې وي. یوازې مور یې د بچیانو ساتنه کوي او له شپږ تر لسو اوونیو عمر کې یې له ځانه جلا کوي. ځمکني نولیان بیا ټولنیز چلند لري او په کالونۍ کې ګډ ژوند کوي. د ونې نولیان بیا یوازې ژوند کوونکي دي. ځمکني او د ونې نولیان د ورځې لخوا فعال وي خو الوت کوونکي نولیان بیا ډېر د شپې لخوا فعالیت کوونکي دي.
نولیان سلولوز نشي هضمولای او خواړه یې باید زیات پروتین، کاربوهایډرېټ او شحم ولري. نولیان چې کله مغزي پیدا کړي له خوړو وروسته پاتې شوي مغزي د وروسته خوړو لپاره خښوي. په معتدله سیمو کې د پسرلي پیل د نولیانو لپاره سخت وخت وي ځکه چې خښ کړي مغزي یې شنه کیږي او د خوړو لپاره څه نلري. په دې وخت کې یوازې د ونو په غوټیو ځان تغذیه کوي. نولیان په بنسټیزه توګه ګیا خوړونکي دي او مختلف ډوله، واښه، مغزي، میوې او مرخیړي خوري خو که چېرې له ولږې سره مخ شي نو غوښه هم خوري. همداسې په مارانو، وړو مرغانو او د مرغانو په هګیو هم ځان تغذیه کوي. د معتدلو سیمو ځینې ډولونه یې یوازې حشره خوړونکي دي.
ساینسي ډلبندي |
کېنګډم | ژوي |
فایلم | کورډاټا |
کلاس | تی لرونکي |
ډله | شخوند وهونکي |
فرعي ډله | سکیورومورفا |
کورنۍ | سکیوریډای |
په سکیوریډای کورنۍ کې لاندې فرعي کورنۍ شاملې دي
Family Sciuridae
Subfamily Ratufinae
- Genus Ratufa
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- Cream-coloured giant squirrel, Ratufa affinis
- Black giant squirrel, Ratufa bicolor
- Indian giant squirrel, Ratufa indica
- Grizzled giant squirrel, Ratufa macroura
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Subfamily Sciurillinae
- Genus Sciurillus
- Neotropical pygmy squirrel, Sciurillus pusillus
Subfamily Sciurinae
Tribe Sciurini
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- Genus Microsciurus
- Central American dwarf squirrel, Microsciurus alfari
- Amazon dwarf squirrel, Microsciurus flaviventer
- Western dwarf squirrel, Microsciurus mimulus
- Santander dwarf squirrel, Microsciurus santanderensis
- Genus Rheithrosciurus
- Tufted ground squirrel, Rheithrosciurus macrotis
- Genus Sciurus
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- Allen’s squirrel, Sciurus alleni
- Arizona gray squirrel, Sciurus arizonensis
- Mexican gray squirrel, Sciurus aureogaster
- Eastern gray squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis
- Collie’s squirrel, Sciurus colliaei
- Deppe’s squirrel, Sciurus deppei
- Japanese squirrel, Sciurus lis
- Calabrian black squirrel, Sciurus meridionalis
- Mexican fox squirrel, Sciurus nayaritensis
- Fox squirrel, Sciurus niger
- Peters’s squirrel, Sciurus oculatus
- Variegated squirrel, Sciurus variegatoides
- Eurasian red squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris
- Yucatan squirrel, Sciurus yucatanensis
- Subgenus Otosciurus
- Abert’s squirrel, Sciurus aberti
- Subgenus Guerlinguetus
- Brazilian squirrel, Sciurus aestuans
- Yellow-throated squirrel, Sciurus gilvigularis
- Red-tailed squirrel, Sciurus granatensis
- Bolivian squirrel, Sciurus ignitus
- Andean squirrel, Sciurus pucheranii
- Richmond’s squirrel, Sciurus richmondi
- Sanborn’s squirrel, Sciurus sanborni
- Guayaquil squirrel, Sciurus stramineus
- Subgenus Tenes
- Persian squirrel, Sciurus anomalus
- Subgenus Hadrosciurus
- Fiery squirrel, Sciurus flammifer
- Junín red squirrel, Sciurus pyrrhinus
- Subgenus Hesperosciurus
- Western gray squirrel, Sciurus griseus
- Subgenus Urosciurus
- Northern Amazon red squirrel, Sciurus igniventris
- Southern Amazon red squirrel, Sciurus spadiceus
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- Genus Syntheosciurus
- Bangs’s mountain squirrel, Syntheosciurus brochus
- Genus Tamiasciurus
- Douglas squirrel, Tamiasciurus douglasii
- American red squirrel, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
- Mearns’s squirrel, Tamiasciurus mearnsi
- Genus Microsciurus
Tribe Pteromyini
- Genus Aeretes
- Aeretes melanopterus (North Chinese flying squirrel)
- Genus Aeromys
- Aeromys tephromelas (black flying squirrel)
- Aeromys thomasi (Thomas’ flying squirrel)
- Genus Belomys
- Belomys pearsoni (hairy-footed flying squirrel)
- Genus Biswamoyopterus
- Biswamoyopterus biswasi (Namdapha flying squirrel)
- Genus Eoglaucomys
- Eoglaucomys fimbriatus (Kashmir flying squirrel)
- Genus Eupetaurus
- Eupetaurus cinereus (woolly flying squirrel)
- Genus Glaucomys
- Glaucomys volans (southern flying squirrel)
- Glaucomys sabrinus (northern flying squirrel)
- Genus Hylopetes
- Hylopetes alboniger (particolored flying squirrel)
- Hylopetes baberi (Afghan flying squirrel)
- Hylopetes bartelsi (Bartel’s flying squirrel)
- Hylopetes fimbriatus (Kashmir flying squirrel)
- Hylopetes lepidus (gray-cheeked flying squirrel)
- Hylopetes nigripes (Palawan flying squirrel)
- Hylopetes phayrei (Indochinese flying squirrel)
- Hylopetes platyurus (gray-cheeked flying squirrel)
- Hylopetes sipora (Sipora flying squirrel)
- Hylopetes spadiceus (red-cheeked flying squirrel )
- Hylopetes winstoni (Sumatran flying squirrel )
- Genus Iomys
- Iomys horsfieldii (Javanese flying squirrel)
- Iomys sipora (Mentawi flying squirrel)
- Genus Petaurillus
- Petaurillus emiliae (lesser pygmy flying squirrel)
- Petaurillus hosei (Hose’s pygmy flying squirrel)
- Petaurillus kinlochii (Selangor pygmy flying squirrel)
- Genus Petaurista
- Petaurista alborufus (red and white giant flying squirrel)
- Petaurista elegans (spotted giant flying squirrel)
- Petaurista leucogenys (Japanese giant flying squirrel)
- Petaurista magnificus (Hodgson’s giant flying squirrel)
- Petaurista nobilis (Bhutan giant flying squirrel)
- Petaurista petaurista (red giant flying squirrel)
- Petaurista philippensis (Indian giant flying squirrel)
- Petaurista xanthotis (Chinese giant flying squirrel)
- Genus Petinomys
- Petinomys crinitus (Mindanao flying squirrel)
- Petinomys fuscocapillus (Travancore flying squirrel)
- Petinomys genibarbis (whiskered flying squirrel)
- Petinomys hageni (Hagen’s flying squirrel)
- Petinomys lugens (Siberut flying squirrel)
- Petinomys mindanensis (Mindanao flying squirrel)
- Petinomys sagitta (arrow flying squirrel)
- Petinomys setosus (Temminck’s flying squirrel)
- Petinomys vordermanni (Vordermann’s flying squirrel)
- Genus Pteromys
- Pteromys volans (Siberian flying squirrel)
- Pteromys momonga (Japanese flying squirrel)
- Genus Pteromyscus
- Pteromyscus pulverulentus (smoky flying squirrel)
- Genus Trogopterus
- Trogopterus xanthipes (complex-toothed flying squirrel)
Subfamily Callosciurinae
- Genus Callosciurus
- Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas’s squirrel)
- Callosciurus quinquestriatus (Anderson’s squirrel)
- Callosciurus finlaysonii (Finlayson’s squirrel)
- Callosciurus flavimanus
- Callosciurus caniceps (gray-bellied squirrel)
- Callosciurus inornatus (inornate squirrel)
- Callosciurus pygerythrus (Irrawaddy squirrel)
- Callosciurus phayrei (Phayre’s squirrel)
- Callosciurus prevostii (Prevost’s squirrel)
- Callosciurus baluensis (Kinabalu squirrel)
- Callosciurus notatus (plantain squirrel)
- Callosciurus nigrovittatus (black-striped squirrel)
- Callosciurus adamsi (ear-spot squirrel)
- Callosciurus melanogaster (Mentawai squirrel)
- Callosciurus orestes (Borneo black-banded squirrel)
- Callosciurus albescens (Kloss’s squirrel)
- Genus Dremomys
- Dremomys everetti (Bornean mountain ground squirrel)
- Dremomys gularis (red-throated squirrel)
- Dremomys lokriah (orange-bellied Himalayan squirrel)
- Dremomys pernyi (Perny’s long-nosed squirrel)
- Dremomys pyrrhomerus (red-hipped squirrel)
- Dremomys rufigenis (Asian red-cheeked squirrel)
- Genus Exilisciurus
- Exilisciurus concinnus (Philippine pygmy squirrel)
- Exilisciurus exilis (least pygmy squirrel)
- Exilisciurus whiteheadi (tufted pygmy squirrel)
- Genus Funambulus
- Funambulus layardi (Layard’s palm squirrel)
- Funambulus palmarum (Indian palm squirrel)
- Funambulus pennantii (northern palm squirrel)
- Funambulus sublineatus (dusky palm squirrel)
- Funambulus tristriatus (jungle palm squirrel)
- Genus Glyphotes
- Glyphotes simus (sculptor squirrel)
- Genus Hyosciurus
- Hyosciurus heinrichi (montane long-nosed squirrel)
- Hyosciurus ileile (lowland long-nosed squirrel)
- Genus Lariscus
- Lariscus hosei (four-striped ground squirrel)
- Lariscus insignis (three-striped ground squirrel)
- Lariscus niobe (Niobe ground squirrel)
- Lariscus obscurus (Mentawai three-striped squirrel)
- Genus Menetes
- Menetes berdmorei (Berdmore’s ground squirrel)
- Genus Nannosciurus
- Nannosciurus melanotis (black-eared squirrel)
- Genus Prosciurillus
- Prosciurillus abstrusus (secretive dwarf squirrel)
- Prosciurillus leucomus (whitish dwarf squirrel)
- Prosciurillus murinus (Celebes dwarf squirrel)
- Prosciurillus rosenbergii (Sanghir squirrel)
- Prosciurillus weberi (Weber’s dwarf squirrel)
- Genus Rhinosciurus
- Rhinosciurus laticaudatus (shrew-faced squirrel)
- Genus Rubrisciurus
- Rubrisciurus rubriventer (red-bellied squirrel)
- Genus Sundasciurus
- Sundasciurus brookei (Brooke’s squirrel)
- Sundasciurus davensis (Davao squirrel)
- Sundasciurus fraterculus (fraternal squirrel)
- Sundasciurus hippurus (horse-tailed squirrel)
- Sundasciurus hoogstraali (Busuanga squirrel)
- Sundasciurus jentinki (Jentink’s squirrel)
- Sundasciurus juvencus (northern Palawan tree squirrel)
- Sundasciurus lowii (Low’s squirrel)
- Sundasciurus mindanensis (Mindanao squirrel)
- Sundasciurus moellendorffi (Culion tree squirrel)
- Sundasciurus philippinensis (Philippine tree squirrel)
- Sundasciurus rabori (Palawan montane squirrel)
- Sundasciurus samarensis (Samar squirrel)
- Sundasciurus steerii (southern Palawan tree squirrel)
- Sundasciurus tenuis (slender squirrel)
- Genus Tamiops
- Tamiops macclellandii (Himalayan striped squirrel)
- Tamiops maritimus (maritime striped squirrel)
- Tamiops rodolpheii (Cambodian striped squirrel)
- Tamiops swinhoei (Swinhoe’s striped squirrel)
Subfamily Xerinae
Tribe Xerini
- Genus Atlantoxerus
- Atlantoxerus getulus (Barbary ground squirrel)
- Genus Spermophilopsis
- Spermophilopsis leptodactylus (long-clawed ground squirrel)
- Genus Xerus
- Xerus erythropus (striped ground squirrel)
- Xerus inauris (Cape ground squirrel or South African ground squirrel)
- Xerus princeps (Damara ground squirrel)
- Xerus rutilus (unstriped ground squirrel)
Tribe Protoxerini
- Genus Epixerus
- Epixerus ebii (Ebian’s palm squirrel, Temminck’s giant squirrel, western palm squirrel)
- Epixerus wilsoni (Biafran palm squirrel)
- Genus Funisciurus
- Funisciurus anerythrus (Thomas’s rope squirrel)
- Funisciurus bayonii (Lunda rope squirrel)
- Funisciurus carruthersi (Carruther’s mountain squirrel)
- Funisciurus congicus (Congo rope squirrel)
- Funisciurus isabella (Lady Burton’s rope squirrel)
- Funisciurus lemniscatus (ribboned rope squirrel)
- Funisciurus leucogenys (red-cheeked rope squirrel)
- Funisciurus pyrropus (fire-footed rope squirrel)
- Funisciurus substriatus (Kintampo rope squirrel)
- Genus Heliosciurus
- Heliosciurus gambianus (Gambian sun squirrel)
- Heliosciurus mutabilis (mutable sun squirrel)
- Heliosciurus rufobrachium (red-legged sun squirrel)
- Heliosciurus ruwenzorii (Ruwenzori sun squirrel)
- Heliosciurus undulatus (Zanj sun squirrel)
- Genus Myosciurus
- Myosciurus pumilio (African pygmy squirrel)
- Genus Paraxerus
- Paraxerus alexandri (Alexander’s bush squirrel)
- Paraxerus boehmi (Boehm’s bush squirrel)
- Paraxerus cepapi (Smith’s bush squirrel)
- Paraxerus cooperi (Cooper’s green squirrel)
- Paraxerus flavovittis (striped bush squirrel)
- Paraxerus lucifer (African red bush squirrel)
- Paraxerus ochraceus (Huet’s bush squirrel)
- Paraxerus palliatus (red bush squirrel)
- Paraxerus poensis (Fernando Po squirrel)
- Paraxerus vexillarius (Swynnerton’s bush squirrel)
- Paraxerus vincenti (Vincent’s bush squirrel)
- Genus Protoxerus
- Protoxerus aubinnii (slender-tailed squirrel)
- Protoxerus stangeri (forest giant squirrel or Stanger’s squirrel)
Tribe Marmotini
- Genus Ammospermophilus
- Ammospermophilus harrisii (Harris’s antelope squirrel)
- Ammospermophilus nelsoni (Nelson’s antelope squirrel)
- Ammospermophilus leucurus (white-tailed antelope squirrel)
- Ammospermophilus interpres (Texas antelope squirrel)
- Ammospermophilus insularis (Espirito Santo Island squirrel)
- Genus Cynomys
- Cynomys gunnisoni (Gunnison’s prairie dog)
- Cynomys leucurus (white-tailed prairie dog)
- Cynomys ludovicianus (black-tailed prairie dog)
- Cynomys mexicanus (Mexican prairie dog)
- Cynomys parvidens (Utah prairie dog)
- Genus Marmota
- Marmota baibacina (gray marmot)
- Marmota bobak (Bobak marmot)
- Marmota broweri (Alaska marmot)
- Marmota caligata (hoary marmot)
- Marmota camtschatica (black-capped marmot)
- Marmota caudata (long-tailed marmot)
- Marmota flaviventris (yellow-bellied marmot)
- Marmota himalayana (Himalayan marmot)
- Marmota marmota (alpine marmot)
- Marmota menzbieri (Menzbier’s marmot)
- Marmota monax (woodchuck)
- Marmota olympus (Olympic marmot)
- Marmota sibirica (Tarbagan marmot)
- Marmota vancouverensis (Vancouver marmot)
- Genus Sciurotamias
- Sciurotamias davidianus (Père David’s rock squirrel)
- Sciurotamias forresti (Forrest’s rock squirrel)
- Genus Spermophilus
- Spermophilus adocetus (tropical ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus alashanicus (Alashan ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus annulatus (ring-tailed ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus armatus (Uinta ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus atricapillus (Baja California rock squirrel)
- Spermophilus beecheyi (California ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus beldingi (Belding’s ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus brunneus (Idaho ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus canus (Merriam’s ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus citellus (European ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus columbianus (Columbian ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus dauricus (Daurian ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus elegans (Wyoming ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus erythrogenys (red-cheeked ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus franklinii (Franklin’s ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus fulvus (yellow ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus lateralis (golden-mantled ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus madrensis (Sierra Madre ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus major (russet ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus mexicanus (Mexican ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus mohavensis (Mohave ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus mollis (Piute ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus musicus (Caucasian mountain ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus parryii (Arctic ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus perotensis (Perote ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus pygmaeus (little ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus relictus (Tien Shan ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus richardsonii (Richardson’s ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus saturatus (Cascade golden-mantled ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus spilosoma (spotted ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus suslicus (spotted ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus tereticaudus (round-tailed ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus townsendii (Townsend’s ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus tridecemlineatus (thirteen-lined ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus undulatus (long-tailed ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus variegatus (rock squirrel)
- Spermophilus washingtoni (Washington ground squirrel)
- Spermophilus xanthoprymnus (Asia Minor ground squirrel)
- Genus Tamias
- Tamias alpinus (alpine chipmunk)
- Tamias amoenus (yellow-pine chipmunk)
- Tamias bulleri (Buller’s chipmunk)
- Tamias canipes (gray-footed chipmunk)
- Tamias cinereicollis (gray-collared chipmunk)
- Tamias dorsalis (cliff chipmunk)
- Tamias durangae (Durango chipmunk)
- Tamias merriami (Merriam’s chipmunk)
- Tamias minimus (least chipmunk)
- Tamias obscurus (California chipmunk)
- Tamias ochrogenys (yellow-cheeked chipmunk)
- Tamias palmeri (Palmer’s chipmunk)
- Tamias panamintinus (Panamint chipmunk)
- Tamias quadrimaculatus (long-eared chipmunk)
- Tamias quadrivittatus (Colorado chipmunk)
- Tamias ruficaudus (red-tailed chipmunk)
- Tamias rufus (Hopi chipmunk)
- Tamias senex (Allen’s chipmunk)
- Tamias sibiricus (Siberian chipmunk)
- Tamias siskiyou (Siskiyou chipmunk)
- Tamias sonomae (Sonoma chipmunk)
- Tamias speciosus (lodgepole chipmunk)
- Tamias striatus (eastern chipmunk)
- Tamias townsendii (Townsend’s chipmunk)
- Tamias umbrinus (Uinta chipmunk)
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